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一分钟读懂“公司为何能被诉”?

故事的开端得从一个叫做Salomon的皮革商人说起。

1892年的皮革商人Salomon将自己一直独自经营的皮靴店转变为公司。为了满足当时公司成立的法律要求妻子及其其他五个孩子都成为了股东,而Salomon自己成为了拥有绝大多数的股份的股东。此外,公司还以其所有资产作担保向Salomon发行了10000英镑的债券,其余差额用现金支付。但公司很快陷入困境,一年后公司进行清算,其资产若清偿Salomon有担保的债券,则公司的其他无担保债权人7000英镑的债权就一无所获。无担保债权人声称,Salomon和其公司实际上是同一人,因而公司不可能欠他10000英镑的债。

公司法人人格原则的确立

The House of Lords unanimously overturnedthis decision, rejecting the arguments from agency and fraud. They held thatthere was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers i.e. the shareholders should be independent of themajority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was notthe function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselvesconsidered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as legalpersons separate and distinct from the shareholders. Lord Halsbury stated thatthe statute “enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest whichmay be held by each of the seven [shareholders] or as to the proportion ofinterest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others.”

在此案上,上议院给出了非常明确指出自1862年法案被创造颁布实施后,公司即被赋予了法律上的独立于股东和个人的人格,具备了承担一些民事责任的能力。也因此奠定了公司能够作为被诉人进行法律诉讼的根基。

自此以后,“公司”便能够作为独立的诉讼参与人参与法律诉讼程序,并享有独立的法律人格于在一定程度上承担赔偿责任的能力。

参考案例:Salomonv. Salomon & Co.(1987)